History Lesson- 4. The Age of Industrialisation ( Long Answer ) for UP board, CBSE , Ncert , others board and examinations

Question : What were the problems of Indian weavers at the early 19th Century?

                        Or 

Describe any four effect of Manchester imports on the cotton weavers of India .

 Answer : 

1: Collapse of local and foreign markets : Due to indestrialisation in Britain,Indian export market collapsed. As British traders started exporting machine made cheap and durable clothes to India , the domestic weavers could not compare with foreign cloths .So the local market shrank .

2 : Shortage of Raw Material: When the American civil war broke out ,and cotton supplies from the United States were cut off , Bratain turned to India .As raw cotton exports from India increased,the price of raw cotton shot up . Weavers in India , ever forced to buy raw cotton shotup . Weavers in India forced to buy raw cotton at higher prices .

3 : Clashes with Gomasthas : Gomasthas were appointed buy the government to surprise weavers to collect supplies and examine the quality of cloth.  The Gomasthas acted arrogantly and punished local weavers for delays in supply.So the weavers clashed with them .

4: System of Advances : The Indian weavers eagerly took the advances , in the hope that they would earn more .But unfortunately even started losing small plots of land which they had earlier cultivated.

Question : How were new merchants group in Europe able to spread their business in the countryside before the Industrial Revolution?

                                   Or 

Explain the method and system of production in countryside in England.

                                    Or 

Why did the peasants agree to accept advanced made by the marchants to produce goods for them in Europe during 17th and 18th  century?

Answer:  The  reasons were ....

   1 : Disappearing open field system :  As the population increased during 18th century, the open field system started disappearing . The rich landlords started enclosing the open fields .

2 : Cottagers and poor peasants : The peasants had earlier deplended on common lands for their survival. Now they had to look for alternatives sources of income.

3 : Small Fields : As most of the land was acquired by the rich landlords, the poor had tiny plots of land which could not provide work for all the members of the household. So when foreign merchants came around and offered advanced eagerly agreed .

4 : Supplement Income : Income from proto- industrial production supplement their shrinking income from cultivation. It also allowed them a fuller use of their family labour resources.

Question : Explain any five points causes of industrial revolution in England.

Answer : 1: Growing international market: in the 17th and 18th century, merchants from the towns in Europe began moving to the countryside, supplying Money to peasants and artisans, persuading them to produce for international market.

2 : Increase in Demand :  With the expansion of world trade and the acquisition of the colonies in different parts of the world ,the demand for goods began increasing.

3 : Proto - industrial system: The expansion of market and demand led to proto industrial growth which provided a base to industrial Revolution.

4: New Invention : A series of invention in the eighteenth century increased the efficacy of each step of the production process.

5: Availability of Capital : The vast amount of capital which England had accumulated out of profits of her growing trade enabled her to make large expenditure on machinery and buildings. This led to new technology developments .

6 : Availability of raw materials : The availability of coal and iron ores in large quantities greatly helped the growth of numerous industries in England.

Question : Analyse the major features of Indian textiles before the age of machine industries .

Answer : 

1 : Major Products : Historically India was one of the leading producer of cotton textile. Silk and cotton products of India dominated the international market. India was known for its finer varieties of cotton.

2 : Trading Partners : The American and Persian merchants took these goods from Punjab to Afghanistan, Persia and central Asia . Though most of the trade was carried through land routes ,but the sea routes was also used .

3 : Complex and complete Market: Before the arrival of the outsiders,the trade was handled by Indians merchants and bankers .The whole process of trade basically involved three steps : 

 (a) Financing production.   (b) Transporting goods     ( c ) Supplying goods to the exporters

4: Role of Supply Merchants : Supply merchants linked the proto towns to the inland regions . They gave advances to weavers , Procured the woven cloth from weaving villages , and carried the supply to the ports .

5 : Role of Export Merchants : At the ports , the big shippers and export merchants had brokers , who negotiated the price and bought goods from the supply merchants.

Question : What was the condition of Indian industries before the first world war ? How did it change after the First World War ?

Answer : Before the world war : 

   1: The early cotton mills in India produced coarse cotton yarn rather than fabric. Only imported yarn was of the superior variety.

   2 : By the first decade of the 20th century, a series of changes affected the pattern of Industrialisation.  Industrialist in India began shifting from yarn to cloth production.

    3 : Till the First World War , industrial growth in India was slow . The war created dramatically a new situation.

 After the first world war :

     1 :  British mills remained busy in meeting the needs of the army . Manchester imports into India declined . Suddenly Indian mills had a vast home market to supply.

   2 : As the war prolonged, Indian factories were called upon to supply war needs , as jute bags , cloth for army uniforms , tents , leather boots etc.

  3 : New factories were set up in India and old ones ran multiple shifts . Over the war years industrial production boomed .

   4 : After the war , local industry gradually consolidation their position by substituting foreign manufacturers and capturing the home market.

 

Question : Industrialisation was a mixed blessing.  Explain .

Answer :  1: Cheap Goods : The machine made goods were cheap and fine . So people of colonies could purchase cheap , fine and a variety of goods .

 2 : New Entrepreneurs : The process of Industrialisation provided an opportunity to Indian entrepreneurs to set up factories. Though they were junior players,but they earned a lot of money .

3 : Growth of industrial Sector : Before the arrival of outsiders, most of the people were involved in agriculture, but the process of Industrialisation provided them opportunity to work in different sectors.

4 : Life of workers: The process of Industrialisation brought with it miseries for the newly emerged class of industrial workers.

5 : Impact of weavers : The system of advances proved very harmful for the weavers because:

  a. The weavers lost chances of bargaining

   b. Most of the weavers had to lease out their land , and devote all their time to weaving.

 

6: Impact of merchants and traders : Due to entry of machine made cloth , Indian merchants lost their local as well as international market.

The machine made clothes were finer and cheapest. So the products failed to complete with them . As result , they started losing the world market as well as the local market .

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