History Lesson 3. The Making of A Global World ( Long Answer ) For UP Board , Ncert, CBSE and other boards .

Note : Write the answer of the following questions.

Question: What was the corn laws ? What was the impact / result / effect of the abolishing of this law ?

 Answer :  Corn laws   : The corn laws were trade laws passed by British government under pressure from landed groups to restrict the import of corn to regulate the export or import the corn .

 Causes of Scrapping of Corn Laws : The corn laws were abolished by British government. The reasons were ....

1: Restrictions on import lead to high food prices. As urban centres expanded and industries grew , the demand for agricultural products went up , pushing foodgrain prices.

2: These law restricted  the free trade .

3: Landlords , industrialists and urban dwellers were against these law and pressurised the government to abolish them .

Effect of the Abolition of Corn Laws  : 

1: The scrapping of corn laws led to free trade of foodgrains.

2: After the Abolition of Corn Laws ,food could be imported into Britain more cheaply than it could be produced within the country.

3: British farmer were unable to complete with imports . Vast areas of land were now left uncultivated and thousands of men and women were thrown out of work .They flocked to the cities or migrated overseas.

4: The unemployed people provided cheap labour to work in industries . From mid of nineteen century, Britain experienced faster industrial growth, higher incomes and more food imports.

5: Lands in Eastern Europe, Russia, America and Australia were cleared and agricultural production was increased to meet the British demand for food .

Question: What was the Great Depression ?  What factors were responsible for this depression? What was its impact on Indian economy  ?

Answer : Great Depression Period: This refers to the period of low economic activities and very high unemployment which place during the years 1929 -33 ,when it became world wide phenomenon. In case of primary producing countries, its features was very low prices, whereas in manufacturing countries very high unemployment, highest in the United States, followed by Germany and Great Britain.

Causes of Economic Depression : 

1: First world war : There was an immense industrial expansion in view of the increased demand of goods related to army during the First World War period . After the war ,the industries coutinued producing at the same pace in spite of a drastic fall in demand .

2: Overproduction in Agriculture:  There was a huge demand for agricultural products till 1920s. So farmers continued producing at the same pace . But a sudden fall in the demand led to a drastic fall in the prices of agricultural products.

3: Multiple Effect :  The withdrawal of lenders from the market had a multiple effect. In Europe, it led to the failure of some major banks and the collapse of currencies such as the British pound and sterling.

4: Import Duties : The US and many other industrial nations attempted to protect their economies by increasing import duties. This gave a severe below to the world trade.

Impact of Great Depression on Indian Economy :

Due to an integrated global economy the Great Depression which began in America was even felt in India .

1: Impact on Farmers : Across India ,Indian prasants' indebtedness increased. They fell deeper and deeper into debt trap . They were forced to mortgage their land ,sell their assets like gold and silver.The colonial government refused to give any relief in taxes.

2: Political Impact:  It gave an impetus to the Indian National movement under Gandhiji .He launched the civil disobedience movement at the height of the depression in 1931 .

3: Impact on Trade :  The great Depression immediately affected Indian trade in agricultural goods . Indian exports and imports nearly halved between 1828 - 1934 .As international prices crashed, wheat prices fell in India by 50% and jute by 60% .

4 : Impact on Urban India :  The depression proved less grim for urban India , because due to falling prices people with fixed income now found themselves better off . Everything cost less for them . 

Question : What was the role of technology in transforming in 19th century world ? 

Answer : Technology played a vital role in transforming and shaping the 19th century world and economy......

1: Impact of invention: Railway ,steam shipping, telegraph etc were important invention without which it was not possible to imagine the transformation of 19th century world.

2: Linking the Market : New investment and improvement in transport,faster railways , lighter wagons and larger ships helped move food more cheaply and quickly form far away places to final markets .

3: Impact on the Meat Trade : The invention of refrigerator ships made it possible to transport meat from one region to another leading to drastic reduction in prices . Now poor people could consume varied diet .They could add bread ,butter ,eggs and me at in their meal .

4: Social peace and imperialism: Better living conditions promoted social peace within the country and support for imperialism abroad .

5: Colonialism : Technology played an important role in linking the world market which promoted the spirit of Colonialism.

Question:  Describe any three changes in the global agricultural economy after 1890.

                            Or 

By 1890 a global agricultural economy had taken shape . Explain it .

Answer : By 1890 , a global war economy had taken shape. Its main features were as follows..

1: Food and other products: Food and other products started flowing from far away places .

For example around the world - in eastern Europe, Russia, America - lands were cleared and food production was increased to meet the British demand.

2: Infrastructure:  The food and other products were being transported by railway and ships which were increasingly manned in these decades by low paid workers from southern Europe,Asia , Africa , and the Caribbean island .New ports were prepared for transportation.

3: Raw Materials: Indian farmers were producing raw cotton and other farm products for British industry. World Trade between 1820 and 1914 multiplied about 25 to 40 times .

4: Scrapping of Corn laws: The scrapping of the corn laws by British government laid foundation of free trade . Now food could be imported or exported by Britain freely.

5: Emergence of New industrial cities : The self sufficient rural society transformed into an industrial city with more demand for food.

6: Commercialisation of agriculture in colonies :

    The imperial countries took various steps to commercialise agricultural in their Colonies. For example , British government built a network of irrigation canals to transform semi desert waste 

land of West Punjab into fertile agricultural land .

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